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  Analysis of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Association with Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 in Healthy, Obese, Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Individuals

  (Acta Endocrinologica Foundation, 2025) Dede, Süreyya; Karakuş, Emine; Yaman, Mustafa; Bilen, Ömer; Yaman, Mustafa

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  Context. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a critical role in host metabolism, both directly and through specific G protein-coupled receptors, and may provide a link between glucose and lipid metabolism. This study aimed to compare fecal SCFA concentrations and to evaluate associations between SCFAs and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), prediabetes, obesity, and health. Subjects and Methods. The study included 60 volunteers in four groups: T2DM (n= 15), prediabetes (n= 15), obesity (n= 15), and healthy individuals (n= 15). We analyzed fecal SCFA and GLP-1 concentrations by HPLC-UV and ELISA method, respectively. Results. In comparison to healthy individuals, obese, prediabetic and T2DM exhibited notably elevated total SCFA levels respectively (p=0.019, p=0.017, p=0.024). Acetic acid concentration showed an increase in both obese and prediabetic groups compared to the healthy group (p=0.02, p=0.017). Butyric acid concentration was elevated in T2DM and prediabetic groups in comparison to both healthy and obese groups (p=0.024, p=0.017, p=0.07, p=0.56). The GLP-1 levels significantly decreased in the obese and prediabetic groups compared to the healthy and T2DM groups (p=0.00, p=0.021, p=0.000, p=0.005). GLP-1 was correlated with acetic acid, butyric acid, and the total SCFA concentrations in the T2DM and obese groups (r= 0.479, p= 0.098; r= 0.441, p= 0.099; r= 0.654, p= 0.015, respectively) while there was no correlation in the prediabetic group. Conclusion. Our results extend the knowledge on the alteration of SCFA levels in the states of obesity, prediabetes, and T2DM and enrich the understanding of the relationship between SCFAs and GLP-1.

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  Systematic Evaluation of Similarity Metrics for Retrieval, Reranking, and Completion in Retrieval Augmented Generation Systems

  (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Elkıran, Harun; Rasheed, Jawad; Rasheed, Jawad;

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  Two of the major problems with large language models (LLMs) are hallucinations and out-of-context responses. To deal with these problems, Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising approach. It grounds the output of LLMs in external knowledge. The effectiveness of RAG pipelines depends on several factors, including the choice of similarity metric. This paper presents a systematic evaluation of a comprehensive RAG pipeline that utilizes the Milvus vector database with HNSW indexing techniques in conjunction with OpenAI's embedding models and GPT-based completion. We conducted a comparative analysis of three widely used similarity metrics - Cosine, Inner Product, and L2 - under identical conditions. Based on the results, it was observed that retrieval and reranking performance are highly sensitive to the similarity metrics. Cosine and Inner Product consistently achieve substantially higher recall (R@10 = 0.9092-0.925), Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR = 0.7806-0.7930), and nDCG (nDCG@10 = 0.8121-0.8252) than L2. In contrast, completion stage metrics such as token usage, cost, and latency remain largely unaffected by the choice of metric. These results underscore the crucial role of retrieval similarity functions in determining RAG effectiveness.

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  Comparative Analysis of Hydroxymethylfurfural and Malondialdehyde Bioaccessibility in Biscuits with Varied Dietary Fiber Content

  (Springer, 2026) Uğur, Halime; Ede Çintesun, Elif; Çatak, Jale; Beceren, Yavuz; Gürbüz, Murat; Yaman, Mustafa; Çintesun, Elif Ede; Çatak, Jale; Yaman, Mustafa

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  A considerable body of academic literature has been published about spirituality, eating disorders and mood disorders. Although there are several studies about the relationship between mood disorders and eating disorder, or the effect of spirituality on mood disorders, the role of spirituality in the relationship between the mood disorder and eating disroders has not been discussed sufficiently. Thus, the primary aim of this article is to examine to moderating role of spirituality on the relationship between binge eating disorder (BED) and depression. 300 Turkish individuals have participated in this correlational study and the range of ages relies on between 18 and 33. Demographic information Form, Beck depression Inventory, Spirituality Scale, SCL-90 Symptom Checklist and Binge Eating Scale were used for data collection in the study. The results showed that, there is a significant negative correlation between the levels of spirituality and the depression (r= -.0.229, p<.001). However, there is a positive correlation between the depression and BED (r= 0.477, p <.001). Spirituality has a significant moderating effect on the correlation between the depression and BED (β = -0.106, p =.034) although there is not a statistically significant correlation between spirituality and BED. Thus, it can be said that spirituality can serve as a protective barrier for elevation of the mood disorder which may result in prevention for external coping methods for emotional regulation such as eating, gambling, shopping so on and so forth. In other words, it is important to consider the interaction between the psychosocial factors and spirituality in the formulation of any treatment or preventive approaches for binge eating disorder.

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  The Moderating Role of Spirituality in the Relationship Between Binge Eating Disorder and Depression

  (Halil Eksi, 2026) An, Beyza; Kaya Göktepe, Ayşe

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  A considerable body of academic literature has been published about spirituality, eating disorders and mood disorders. Although there are several studies about the relationship between mood disorders and eating disorder, or the effect of spirituality on mood disorders, the role of spirituality in the relationship between the mood disorder and eating disroders has not been discussed sufficiently. Thus, the primary aim of this article is to examine to moderating role of spirituality on the relationship between binge eating disorder (BED) and depression. 300 Turkish individuals have participated in this correlational study and the range of ages relies on between 18 and 33. Demographic information Form, Beck depression Inventory, Spirituality Scale, SCL-90 Symptom Checklist and Binge Eating Scale were used for data collection in the study. The results showed that, there is a significant negative correlation between the levels of spirituality and the depression (r= -.0.229, p<.001). However, there is a positive correlation between the depression and BED (r= 0.477, p <.001). Spirituality has a significant moderating effect on the correlation between the depression and BED (β = -0.106, p =.034) although there is not a statistically significant correlation between spirituality and BED. Thus, it can be said that spirituality can serve as a protective barrier for elevation of the mood disorder which may result in prevention for external coping methods for emotional regulation such as eating, gambling, shopping so on and so forth. In other words, it is important to consider the interaction between the psychosocial factors and spirituality in the formulation of any treatment or preventive approaches for binge eating disorder.

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  The Role of Anxiety Sensitivity and Emotion Regulation Difficulties in the Relationship Between Sensory Processing Sensitivity and Anxiety

  (Semmelweis University Institute of Mental Health, 2026) Seçgin, Pelin; Koç, Volkan

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  Introduction: Sensory-processing sensitivity (SPS) describes how deeply and intensely individuals process various environmental stimuli. SPS, as an adult temperament trait, may influence different aspects of an individual’s life. Aim: This study explored potential mediating roles of anxiety sensitivity (AS) and emotion regulation difficulties (ERD) in the relationship between SPS and trait anxiety (TA). Methods: Participants (N = 420; 60.5% female; age range: 18–61 years) were administered the Highly Sensitive Person Scale, Trait Anxiety Inventory, Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Results: Results of the stepwise nested regression models indicated that SPS, AS, and ERD significantly predicted trait anxiety, with the final model explaining 54% of the variance. SPS was a significant predictor initially, but its effect became nonsignificant after AS and ERD were included, indicating a full mediation pattern. Serial multiple mediation analysis indicated that the association between SPS and trait anxiety was fully mediated by AS and ERD, with AS demonstrating a significant independent indirect effect, whereas the indirect effect of ERD alone was not statistically significant. The sequential pathway from SPS to AS to ERD to trait anxiety was statistically supported, and gender remained a significant covariate throughout. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the association between SPS and trait anxiety is fully accounted for by AS and ERD rather than by a direct relationship. These results underscore the importance of considering sequential psychological mechanisms and covariate-adjusted models when examining vulnerability to trait anxiety.

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