How do various encapsulation techniques improve the oraldelivery of food protein hydrolysates?

Abstract

The development of bioformulations based on food protein hydrolysates (FPHs) hasgained significant traction in the food and pharmaceutical sectors due to their biophys-ical and biochemical properties, including health-promoting effects, biocompatibility,and biodegradability. However, the oral delivery of FPHs presents notable technicalchallenges, largely due to their inherent limitations such as (bio)stability, permeability,bioavailability, and molecular size. This review provides a comprehensive overview ofFPHs, including their structural characteristics, origins, methods of preparation, andassociated health benefits. Additionally, it highlights the challenges related to theiroral delivery. Recent advancements in the formulation and delivery of FPHs throughbiopolymeric controlled release systems—such as micro- and nanoparticles, hydro-gels, biofunctional films and composites, and electrospun fibers—are discussed. Wealso explore lipid-based delivery platforms, including liposomes, chitosomes, emul-sions, Pickering emulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, andsurfactant-based carriers. Furthermore, this article emphasizes the importance ofcontrolled delivery and targeted release of FPHs following oral administration. Thechallenges in designing effective lipid/biopolymer-based carriers for FPHs, along withfuture prospects and opportunities in this growing field, are also thoroughly examined.