Fâtımî hilafetinin sonlandırılması sürecinde Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbînin izlediği siyaset üzerine bir inceleme

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî'nin Fâtımî Hilâfetinin sonlanması sürecinde izlediği siyasetin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İslâm âleminin en önemli müessesesi olan hilâfetin ortaya çıkış süreci, bu süreçte yaşanan ihtilâflar bu ihtilâfların sebep olduğu mezhepsel ayrışım ve tarafların hilâfet konusundaki görüşleri mercek altına alınmıştır. İslâm dünyasında var olan Abbâsî hilâfet makamına karşı ihdas edilen Fâtımî hilâfet devletinin kuruluşuna, gelişmesine ve bu süreçte İslâm dünyasının siyasal durumuna değinilmiştir. Haçlıların İslâm coğrafyasına yönelik düzenledikleri seferlerle Urfa, Antakya, Trablus ve Kudüs'te yönetsel kurumsal siyasi merkezler oluşturacak şekilde önemli bir bölgeyi işgal etmeleri Müslüman devletlerin haçlılara bakışı ve haçlılarla mücadeleleri çalışmanın kapsamına alınmıştır. Kudüs'ün haçlılardan kurtarılması isteğinin yanında Fâtımîler'in haçlılarla olan ilişkileri ve Fâtımî Devleti'nin zayıflaması gibi sebepler, Sünni devletlerin Fâtımî hilâfet devletine karşı mücadele etmelerine zemin hazırlamıştır. Nureddin Mahmut Zengî döneminde Mısır'a düzenlenen seferlerden sonra Fâtımî Devleti'ne karşı dini, siyasi, askeri ve sosyal birçok alanda tedbirler alınarak Fâtımî hilâfetinin sonlandırılması süreci ince ve hassas bir şekilde yürütülmüştür. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî, uyguladığı siyasetle Fâtımî hilâfetinin sonlandırılması hedefinden taviz vermeksizin sürecin kararlı bir şekilde ilerlemesini sağlamış ve Fâtımî Halifesi hayattayken hutbeler Abbasî Halifesi adına okutulabilmiştir. Son Fâtımî Halifesi'nin ölümünden sonra da yeni bir halifenin seçilmesine mahal bırakılmaksızın İslam dünyasındaki bölünme sonlandırılabilmiştir.

This study examined the policies adopted by the Sultan Saladin Ayyubid during his campaign to overthrow the Fatimid caliphate. Moreover, issues such as the emergence of the caliphate, one of the most important institutions in the Islamic world, and the disagreements that emerged in that process (i.e., sectarian conflicts between Muslims of different sects and antagonistic notions about the constitution of the caliphate) were scrutinized. Therefore, the historical and political conjuncture of the aforementioned period forms the main theme of this dissertation. Accordingly, political developments and historical events in the Muslim world, such as the establishment of the Fatimid state and Caliphate and its conflict between the Abbasid Caliphate, and the relations among Muslim states and Crusaders (i.e., the establishment of the kingdoms of Antakya, Jerusalem as a result of the Crusades) were analyzed as the main topics of this study. Along with the Sunni Muslim states' goal of saving Jerusalem from the crusaders, the association of the Fatimid state with the Crusaders and its weakening caused the Sunni Muslim states to fight against the Fatimid. Correspondingly, the process of the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate was scrupulously examined according to Nur ad-Din's military campaigns against the Fatimid state and his religious and social policies. In conclusion, due to Saladin Ayyubid's success in undertaking a decisive and progressive political campaign to end the Fatimid Caliphate, the Khutbah were called on behalf of the Abbasid Caliph while the Fatimid Caliph was still alive. Likewise, after the death of the last Fatimid Caliph the election of a new caliph was not permitted, thus giving an end to the schism between sectarian conflicts in the Islamic world.

This study examined the policies adopted by the Sultan Saladin Ayyubid during his campaign to overthrow the Fatimid caliphate. Moreover, issues such as the emergence of the caliphate, one of the most important institutions in the Islamic world, and the disagreements that emerged in that process (i.e., sectarian conflicts between Muslims of different sects and antagonistic notions about the constitution of the caliphate) were scrutinized. Therefore, the historical and political conjuncture of the aforementioned period forms the main theme of this dissertation. Accordingly, political developments and historical events in the Muslim world, such as the establishment of the Fatimid state and Caliphate and its conflict between the Abbasid Caliphate, and the relations among Muslim states and Crusaders (i.e., the establishment of the kingdoms of Antakya, Jerusalem as a result of the Crusades) were analyzed as the main topics of this study. Along with the Sunni Muslim states' goal of saving Jerusalem from the crusaders, the association of the Fatimid state with the Crusaders and its weakening caused the Sunni Muslim states to fight against the Fatimid. Correspondingly, the process of the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate was scrupulously examined according to Nur ad-Din's military campaigns against the Fatimid state and his religious and social policies. In conclusion, due to Saladin Ayyubid's success in undertaking a decisive and progressive political campaign to end the Fatimid Caliphate, the Khutbah were called on behalf of the Abbasid Caliph while the Fatimid Caliph was still alive. Likewise, after the death of the last Fatimid Caliph the election of a new caliph was not permitted, thus giving an end to the schism between sectarian conflicts in the Islamic world.